The social market economy (SOME; German: soziale Marktwirtschaft), also called Rhine capitalism, is a socioeconomic model combining a free market capitalist economic system alongside social policies which establish both fair competition within the market and a welfare state.[1] It is sometimes classified as a coordinated market economy.[2] The social market economy was originally promoted and implemented in West Germany by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in 1949.[3] Its origins can be traced to the interwar Freiburg school of economic thought.[4]
The "social" segment is often wrongly confused with socialism and democratic socialism, and although aspects were inspired by the latter, the social market approach rejects the socialist ideas of replacing private property and markets with social ownership and economic planning. The "social" element to the model instead refers to support for the provision of equal opportunity and protection of those unable to enter the free market labor force because of old-age, disability, or unemployment.[8]
Social capitalism model Social capitalism as a theory or political or philosophical stance, challenges the idea that the capitalist system is inherently antagonistic to social goals or to a political economy characterized by greater economic equality.[9] The essence of the social market economy is the view that private markets are the most effective allocation mechanism, but that output is maximized through sound state macroeconomic management of the economy. Social market economies posit that a strong social support network for the less affluent enhances capital output. By decreasing poverty and broadening prosperity to a large middle class, capital market participation is enlarged. Social market economies also posit that government regulation, and even sponsorship of markets, can lead to superior economic outcomes, as evidenced in government sponsorship of the Internet or basic securities regulation.
Catholic social teaching is the Catholic doctrines on matters of human dignity and common good in society. The ideas address oppression, the role of the state, subsidiarity, social organization, concern for social justice, and issues of wealth distribution. Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical letter Rerum novarum, which advocated economic distributism, criticized both capitalism (not market economics per se), and socialism. Its roots can be traced to the writings of Catholic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas and Augustine of Hippo, and is also derived from concepts present in the Bible and the cultures of the ancient Near East.
https://economics.mit.edu/files/1785 We found that job security provisions -- measured by variables such as grounds for dismissal protection, protection regarding dismissal procedures, notice and severance payments, and protection of employment in the constitution -- hamper the creative destruction process, especially in countries where regulations are likely to be enforced.
When some external shock reduces employment, so that some insiders become outsiders, the number of insiders decreases. This incentivizes the insiders to set even higher wages when the economy again gets better, as there are not as many insiders remaining as before, instead of letting the outsiders to again get jobs at earlier wages. This causes hysteresis, i.e., the unemployment becomes permanently higher after negative shocks.
Keynes "If the Treasury were to fill old bottles with banknotes, bury them at suitable depths in disused coalmines which are then filled up to the surface with town rubbish, and leave it to private enterprise on well-tried principles of laissez-faire to dig the notes up again (the right to do so being obtained, of course, by tendering for leases of the note-bearing territory), there need be no more unemployment and, with the help of the repercussions, the real income of the community, and its capital wealth also, would probably become a good deal greater than it actually is. It would, indeed, be more sensible to build houses and the like; but if there are political and practical difficulties in the way of this, the above would be better than nothing."
カーネギーやマーク・トウェインの反帝国主義同盟と考え方は同じだ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism#Anti-Imperialist_League We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our Government...
We cordially invite the cooperation of all men and women who remain loyal to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.
F.D. Roosevelt "I am certain that the rank and file of patriotic Republicans do not realize the nature of this threat. They should remember, and we must remember, what the collaborative understanding between Communism and Nazism has done to the processes of democracy abroad"
F.D. Roosevelt "Those forces hate democracy and Christianity as two phases of the same civilization. They oppose democracy because it is Christian. They oppose Christianity because it preaches democracy. Their objective is to prevent democracy from becoming strong."
F.D. Roosevelt "Those forces hate Democracy and Christianity as two phases of the same civilization."
F.D. Roosevelt "The Nazis are as ruthless as the Communists in the denial of God."
His social origins are important to notice, for Todd has inherited an important volume of cultural capital. His father, Olivier Todd, is a renowned leftist journalist who wrote several novels and biographies of prominent French authors (including Albert Camus and André Malraux). Todd's mother, Anne-Marie Nizan, was born from communist journalist and philosopher Paul-Yves Nizan. This cultural capital would play a determinant role in Emmanuel Todd's trajectory.
Under capitalism, man exploits man. Under communism, it's just the opposite. John Kenneth Galbraith
ソビエト経済や毛沢東の経済政策を賞賛した共産主義者ガルブレイスの経済政策の解説をするらしい
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith In autumn 1972 Galbraith was an adviser and assistant to Nixon's rival candidate George McGovern in the election campaign for the American presidency. During this time (September 1972) he travelled in to China in his role as president of the American Economic Association (AEA) at the invitation of Mao Zedong's communist government with the economists Leontief and Tobin and in 1973 published an account of his experiences in A China Passage. Galbraith wrote that there was "no serious doubt that China is devising a highly effective economic system," "[d]issidents are brought firmly into line in China, but, one suspects, with great politeness," "Greater Shanghai ... has a better medical service than New York," and considered it not implausible that Chinese industrial and agricultural output was expanding annually at a rate of 10 to 11%.
In 1984, he visited the USSR, writing that the Soviet economy had made "great material progress" as, "in contrast to Western industrial economy," the USSR "makes full use of its manpower."[39][40]
"Executive Order No. 8802", Fair Employment Practice in Defense Industries In June 1941, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, which created the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC). It was the most important federal move in support of the rights of African-Americans between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The President's order stated that the federal government would not hire any person based on their race, color, creed, or national origin. The FEPC enforced the order to ban discriminatory hiring within the federal government and in corporations that received federal contracts. Millions of blacks and women achieved better jobs and better pay as a result. The war brought the race issue to the forefront. The Army and Navy had been segregated since the Civil War. But by 1940, the African-American vote had largely shifted from Republican to Democrat, and African-American leaders like Walter Francis White of the NAACP and T. Arnold Hill of the Urban League had become recognized as part of the Roosevelt coalition. In June 1941, at the urging of A. Philip Randolph, the leading African-American trade unionist, Roosevelt signed an executive order establishing the Fair Employment Practice Committee and prohibiting discrimination by any government agency, including the armed forces. In practice the services, particularly the Navy and the Marines, found ways to evade this order — the Marine Corps remained all-white until 1942.[1]
Keynes "Marxian Socialism must always remain a portent to the historians of Opinion – how a doctrine so illogical and so dull can have exercised so powerful and enduring an influence over the minds of men, and through them, the events of history.”
フリードマンとハイエクもケインズ同様に共産主義者と社会主義者をくり返し批判している
ピーター・ドラッカー “[Keynes] had two basic motivations…one was to destroy the labor unions and the other was to maintain the free market. Keynes despised the American Keynesians. His whole idea was to have an impotent government that would do nothing but, through tax and spending policies, maintain the equilibrium of the free market. Keynes was the real father of neoconservatism, far more than [economist F.A.] Hayek!”
http://www.druckersociety.at/files/p_drucker_proph_en.pdf "Politically Keynes's views were quite similar to what we now call "neoconservatice." His theory had its origins in his passionate attachment to the free market and in his desire to keep politicans and governments out of it. "
マグナ・カルタ（偉大な自由の憲章）前文："HENRY by the Grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Guyan, and Earl of Anjou, to all Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Sheriffs, Provosts, Officers, and to all Bailiffs, and other our faithful Subjects, which shall see this present Charter, Greeting: Know Ye, that We, unto the honour of Almighty God, and for the salvation of (X1) the souls of our Progenitors and Successors [Kings of England,] to the advancement of Holy Church and amendment of our Realm, of our meer and free will, have given and granted to all Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, and to all [Freemen] of this our Realm, these Liberties following, to be kept in our Kingdom of England for ever."
バーク："They are therefore not only devoted to liberty, but to liberty according to English ideas and on English principles. "、English ideasとはマグナ・カルタ（偉大な自由の憲章）前文を指す
All men are created equal, ... 全ての人間は平等に作られた they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, ... 侵されざる権利を創造者が与えた life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
神の法則が律する独立国家どうしの対等な関係
WHEN, in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's GOD entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the Causes which impel them to the Separation.
創造者である神は自由、生命、幸福の追求の、侵されざる権利を全ての人に与えた
We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their CREATOR, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Once it became plain that Russia would continue to hold Hitler's armies, and that eventual allied victory was assured, Roosevelt's chief attention was focused upon forging a new post-war settlement. Always a passionate opponent of imperialism, he dismayed Churchill by making plain his desire to prevent the old European nations from reoccupying their Asian empires.
F.D. Roosevelt "I heartily deprecated the banishment of religion - though I knew that some day Russia would return to religion for the simple reason that four or five thousand years of recorded history have proven that mankind has always believed in God in spite of many abortive attempts to exile God.
The Soviet Union, as everybody who has the courage to face the fact knows, is run by a dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world. It has allied itself with another dictatorship [Germany], and it has invaded a neighbor [Finland] so infinitesimally small that it could do no conceivable possible harm to the Soviet Union, a neighbor which seeks only to live at peace as a democracy, and a liberal, forward-looking democracy at that."
バーク You will observe, that from Magna Charta to the Declaration of Rights, it has been the uniform policy of our constitution to claim and assert our liberties, as an entailed inheritance derived to us from our forefathers, and to be transmitted to our posterity... 一部割愛 By this means our constitution preserves an unity in so great a diversity of its parts. We have an inheritable crown; an inheritable peerage; an house of commons and a people inheriting privileges, franchises, and liberties, from a long line of ancestors.
Adam Smith and Edmund Burke ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=poroi Although the Scots philosopher Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776) found few insightful readers in England before the l790s, Smith himself noted that among what early readers he had the Anglo-Irish Whig Member of Parliament Edmund. Burke stood out (Tribe 1984; Teichgraber, 1985). Smith informed a confidant that Burke “is the only man I ever knew who, without communication, thought on economic subjects exactly as I”
They became correspondents and friends. But while Smith made it clear that government support should be extended in hard times to unemployed workers, who have a right to expect it, Burke flatly denied it. “Labor,” he wrote in l795, “is a commodity and as such an article of trade” (Burke, 1795, in Kramnick, 1999, 200). Trade, Burke declared, is none of government’s business under any circumstances. “Of all things,” he wrote, “an indiscreet tampering with the trade of provisions is the most dangerous and … always worst … in the time of scarcity” (Burke, 1795, in Kramnick, 1999, 195).
If anyone deserves relief it is not those who are able to work but in hard times can’t find it. It is those, and only those, who are too sick, infirm, young, or old to work at all. They do indeed fall under our Christian duty to extend charity to the poor (Burke, 1795, in Kramnick 203). But the deserving poor, as they came to be called, are objects of our charity only insofar as we, and they, are private persons. Government, whose office to “regulate our tempers” by “timely coercion,” should stay out of it. “The people maintain [the government], not they the people” (Burke, 1795, in Kramnick, 195)
聖書（Leviticus 25:10） Consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you; each of you is to return to your family property and to your own clan.
What would Jesus hack? Cybertheology: Just how much does Christian doctrine have in common with the open-source software movement? http://www.economist.com/node/21527031
“THE kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these,” Jesus said of little children. But computer hackers might give the kids some competition, according to Antonio Spadaro, an Italian Jesuit priest. In an article published earlier this year in La Civiltà Cattolica, a fortnightly magazine backed by the Vatican, entitled “Hacker ethics and Christian vision”, he did not merely praise hackers, but held up their approach to life as in some ways divine. Mr Spadaro argued that hacking is a form of participation in God's work of creation. (He uses the word hacking in its traditional, noble sense within computing circles, to refer to building or tinkering with code, rather than breaking into websites. Such nefarious activities are instead known as “malicious hacking” or “cracking”.)
But Mr Spadaro is merely the latest to link coding with Christian attitudes towards creativity and sharing. Don Parris, a North Carolina pastor, wrote an article in Linux Journal in 2004 in which he argued that “proprietary software limits my ability to help my neighbour, one of the cornerstones of the Christian faith.” Larry Wall, the creator of Perl, an open-source programming language, said in an interview a decade ago that God expects humans to create—and to help others do so. Mr Wall said he saw his popular language as just such a prod to creation, saying, “In my little way, I'm sneakily helping people understand a bit more about the sort of people God likes.”
Some Deists see design in nature and through this design they also see purpose in the universe (and in their lives). Others see God and the universe in a co-creative process. While others see God as a subtle and persuasive spirit. Of course, there are many other views as well.
Minjung theology In recent years, this struggle has taken the form of Minjung theology.... but also incorporates the traditional Korean feeling of han, a word that has no exact English translation
There are two distinct features of minjung theology: 한 (han) and 단 (dan).
Han is the sense of deep despair. A minjung poet, Chi-Ha Kim, describes it as “anger and sad sentiment turned inward, hardened and stuck to their hearts.
The minjung theologian Suh Nam-dong describes han as a "feeling of unresolved resentment against injustices suffered, a sense of helplessness because of the overwhelming odds against one, a feeling of acute pain in one's guts and bowels, making the whole body writhe and squirm, and an obstinate urge to take revenge and to right the wrong —all these combined."
As part of its so-called "Future Pact" designed to boost productivity by 25 percent over four years, the VW brand is eliminating 23,000 jobs by 2020 in Germany. Simultaneously, however, it plans to add 9,000 employees in new technological fields such as digitalization and electromobility.
“We’re going to make up [the] $16 million investment in that factory in Indianapolis to automate, to drive the cost down so that we can continue to be competitive,” chief executive Greg Hayes said on CNBC last month. “What that ultimately means is there will be fewer jobs.”
Eleanor Roosevelt and Civil Rights https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/lesson-plans/notes-er-and-civil-rights.cfm
Mary McLeod Bethune, whom ER(Eleanor Roosevelt) had met in 1927 at an education conference and whom ER urged be appointed to the National Youth Administration in 1935, also helped shape ER's understanding of the problems facing black Americans. She brought lists of requests for ER's intervention when the two met and often sent reports, novels and other reading material to ER's attention. An extremely close relationship developed between the two women. ER's decision to challenge the segregation ordinance at the 1938 convening of the Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham was based partly on her desire to sit with Bethune. ER later credited her deep affection for Bethune with helping her move beyond her racial awkwardness and often called Bethune her "closest friend in her own age group."
By the early forties, ER(Eleanor Roosevelt) firmly believed civil rights to be the real litmus test for American democracy. Thus, she declared over and over again throughout the war, there could be no democracy in the United States that did not include democracy for blacks. In The Moral Basis of Democracy she asserted that people of all races have inviolate rights to "some property." Repeatedly ER insisted that education, housing, and employment were basic human rights which society had both a moral and political obligation to provide its citizens. The government must not only provide protection against discrimination, but develop policies which create a level economic playing field. In making clear exactly what she meant, ER explained: "This means achieving an economic level below which no one is permitted to fall, and keeping a fairly stable balance between that level and the standard of living."
FDR（ルーズベルト） needed the Southern barons of the House and the Senate to get anything passed -- and they needed him to address the grinding poverty of their region. It wasn't a perfect solution, but it was the one with the least amount wrong with it. If he'd pressed for civil rights before Pearl Harbor, even he would have instantly become a lame duck; if he done so during the War, saying we needed it to win the War (as Lincoln had 80 years earlier), he MIGHT have gotten away with it -- there's a failure for which to criticize him. Eisenhower might also have gotten away with it in the 1950s, but didn't try.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism End of European feudalism Further information: Abolition of feudalism in France Feudalism itself decayed and effectively disappeared in most of Western Europe by about 1500,[32][33] partly since the military power of kings shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters (effectively reducing the nobility's power
日本と封建主義を結びつけた, Feudal Japan は徳川幕府を指すと定義する歴史学者もいる 日本での儒教と封建主義という文脈であれば、徳川幕府時代の儒教と封建主義の融合を考えなくてはならない
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism End of European feudalism Further information: Abolition of feudalism in France Feudalism itself decayed and effectively disappeared in most of Western Europe by about 1500,[32][33] partly since the military power of kings shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters (effectively reducing the nobility's power), but also because the Black Death reduced the nobility's hold on the lower classes. The system lingered on in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s. Russia finally abolished serfdom in 1861.[34][35]
また封建主義というのは歴史学者は使うべきでないとの提案もなされている
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism Challenges to the feudal model In 1974, U.S. historian Elizabeth A. R. Brown[5] rejected the label feudalism as an anachronism that imparts a false sense of uniformity to the concept. Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of feudalism, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back "tyrannically" into the historical record. Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely.
The term feudal has also been applied to non-Western societies in which institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to have prevailed (See Examples of feudalism). Japan has been extensively studied in this regard.[44] Friday notes that in the 21st century historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism; instead of looking at similarities, specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences.[45] Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term feudalism has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.
>>550 >日本と封建主義を結びつけた, Feudal Japan は徳川幕府を指すと定義する歴史学者もいる >日本での儒教と封建主義という文脈であれば、徳川幕府時代の儒教と封建主義の融合を考えなくてはならない
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism#Japan Japan The Tokugawa shogunate was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in the 17th century lasting until 1868. It marks a period often referred to loosely as 'feudal Japan', otherwise known as the Edo period.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany Religion in Germany (2016 Politbarometer) of adults who are entitled to vote[48] Protestantism (34.2%) Catholic Church (31.9%) Not religious (28.8%)、当面死ぬ見込みがないため宗教が面倒な層と、宗教税を払いたくない層 Islam (2.5%) Others (1.8%) Not answered (0.9%)
The first draft and content of the encyclical was written by Tommaso Maria Zigliara, professor from 1870 to 1879 at the College of Saint Thomas
Rerum novarum "Let the working man and the employer make free agreements, and in particular let them agree freely as to the wages; nevertheless, there underlies a dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient than any bargain between man and man, namely, that wages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner. If through necessity or fear of a worse evil the workman accept harder conditions because an employer or contractor will afford him no better, he is made the victim of force and injustice."
Rerum novarum "Private ownership, as we have seen, is the natural right of man, and to exercise that right, especially as members of society, is not only lawful, but absolutely necessary. "It is lawful," says St. Thomas Aquinas, "for a man to hold private property; and it is also necessary for the carrying on of human existence.""
Rerum novarum "Whoever has received from the divine bounty a large share of temporal blessings, whether they be external and material, or gifts of the mind, has received them for the purpose of using them for the perfecting of his own nature, and, at the same time, that he may employ them, as the steward of God's providence, for the benefit of others.
As for those who possess not the gifts of fortune, they are taught by the Church that in God's sight poverty is no disgrace, and that there is nothing to be ashamed of in earning their bread by labor.[22]
God Himself seems to incline rather to those who suffer misfortune; for Jesus Christ calls the poor "blessed"; (Matt.5:3) He lovingly invites those in labor and grief to come to Him for solace; (Matt. 11:28) and He displays the tenderest charity toward the lowly and the oppressed.[23]
The richer class have many ways of shielding themselves, and stand less in need of help from the State; whereas the mass of the poor have no resources of their own to fall back upon, and must chiefly depend upon the assistance of the State. And it is for this reason that wage-earners, since they mostly belong in the mass of the needy, should be specially cared for and protected by the government.[24]"
Alice Elisabeth Weidel (born 6 February 1979) is a German politician who has served as Leader of Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag and a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since October 2017. Together with Alexander Gauland she was the AfD's lead 2017 German federal election candidate.[1]
She is the first lesbian to serve as a lead candidate of her party, which opposes same-sex marriage and adoptions.[2]
Early life and education Weidel was born in Gütersloh and grew up in Versmold.[3] She studied economics at the University of Bayreuth and went on to earn a doctor of philosophy in international development from Bayreuth in 2011.[4][5][3]
Career After receiving her undergraduate university degree, Weidel went to work for Goldman Sachs, before moving to Allianz Global Investors.[3] In the late 2000s, she worked at the Bank of China, living six years in China.[3][6] Weidel speaks Mandarin.[7] After leaving the Bank of China, she was employed for two years at Heristo, a Bad Rothenfelde-based animal feed supplier.[3] Since 2014 she has worked as a freelance business consultant.[3]
There will certainly be a big argument about which direction the party is to take. In the AfD there is clearly a radically free-market wing, which wrote classic demands - the abolition of unemployment benefits, for example - into the manifesto. Now we see that the current draft has been smoothed out. Passages have been deleted, some in contravention of the vote by the party's own membership, such as the end to no-fault divorce.
These and other demands, which the members actually wanted, were deleted again in the hope that this way the party would not appear too radical or lacking in social solidarity. That means we can predict seeds of conflict at this party conference, and as yet it's not possible to say which faction within the AfD will ultimately prevail.
5.1 Free the Labour Market from Unnecessary Restrictions Prevailing labour law is split into multiple individual laws, which are joined into system by jurisdiction. This enduring crisis mode is incompatible with the principles of high quality legislation. In addition, numerous legal questions are subject to complex and regionally disparate jurisdiction, which makes court decisions highly unpredictable. That is why there is an urgent need for labour legislation which, on the one hand unifies individual laws, and on the other hand puts an end to excessive and inconsistent legal arbitration.
5.4.2 Make Work Worthwhile by an Enabling Basic Income As an alternative to the German Unemployment Benefit II, commonly known as Hartz IV, the AfD wishes to introduce a so-called “enabling basic income”. According to this system, and in contrast to the current system of government support, the unemployment benefit will be reduced in proportion to the rising income, up to a point at which income tax becomes due. Income resulting from work shall no longer be fully offset by government support. Instead, employees will retain a substantial portion of their earnings. This creates an incentive to work. Those who work will dispose more income than those who do not work, but are capable of doing so (the principle, that benefits should be lower than wages). Any kind of abuse must be thoroughly avoided.
10.1 Free Competition Underpins our Prosperity Free market competition produces the best economic results. The unsubsidised supply of goods and services, which is most beneficial to buyers and sellers alike, is always set to win the day. Therefore, the AfD contends that the stronger the competition, and the lower the ratio of government expenditures to gross national product (state spending ratio), the better it is for everyone. Indeed, competition gives people the freedom to develop, to grow and to act self-reliant, to acquire private ownership of goods and means of production, to enter into contracts under their own responsibility for their own benefit and for the common good, to choose between different suppliers, products, services or jobs, and to take advantage of profitable opportunities, but also to take responsibility for potential failure. Basic requirements for all business competition comprise equal and clear rules for everyone engaged in the markets – regardless of size or legal form – as well as legal certainty guaranteed by the state. State intervention which may be necessary – for example, to prevent monopolies and to counteract market failures – should be limited to the minimum, and should be predictable to domestic and foreign investors. Making this happen is the task of competition policy.
10.2 Social Market Economy instead of State-Directed Economy Based upon our ideas on the role of the state, we are calling for a business and economic ethos along the lines of the social market economy developed by Walter Eucken, Alfred Müller-Armack and Wilhelm Röpke, and implemented by Ludwig Erhard. Key principles are ownership, personal responsibility and free pricing. Protection of private ownership is an indispensable part of it, as are open markets, freedom of contract and free competition with appropriate competition policy and antitrust control.
Any form of state-directed economy will sooner or later end in misallocation and corruption. And so, we share the opinion of the founders of the social market economy that the economy is always a means to an end, never an end in itself. In our view, the biggest burdens currently imposed on the proper functioning of the social market economy are the unprecedented Euro bailout policy pursued by countries within the Euro zone, and the manipulation of the monetary policy by the European Central Bank. Here, fundamental market mechanisms such as the relationship between savings and investment are being undermined, liability principles are violated, and the relationship between creditors and debtors is seriously impaired.
10.4 Maintain High Standards in Trade Agreements International trade is the foundation of our prosperity and peaceful coexistence. We regard economic sanctions as fundamentally wrong. We want to lower trade barriers in Europe and across the world. Foreign trade and economic initiatives of overriding importance must take account of German sovereignty. Therefore, the AfD is in favour of international trade agreements which respect the principle of equal treatment and German industrial, social and environmental standards. Temporary exemptions are appropriate only for those economies that have not yet moved beyond the level of developing countries. Negotiations of a multilateral nature and within intergovernmental organisations must be conducted transparently, and all treaties are to be disclosed.
Any transfer of sovereignty or delegation of state powers to special arbitration courts under free trade agreements should be rejected out of hand. While arbitration bodies are proven tools in business and economy, the relationship between the national legal system and arbitration courts must be set out in trade agreements in such a way that arbitration court rulings can always be appealed in the ordinary national courts upon request of the defendant. Therefore, the AfD in principle rejects any trade agreements which are negotiated in a non-transparent, non-public manner and without the involvement of the German Federal Parliament, worded without balancing the interests of the parties concerned, and undermining domestic law in an unacceptable manner. For these reasons, we reject TTIP, TISA and CETA.
In any event, all treaties and agreements which exceed mere trade agreements by incorporating investment protection rules, or are aimed at harmonisation of regulations, must remain subject to national powers of authority. Only the involvement of the German Federal Parliament can ensure adequate democratic legitimacy.
Peak Liberalism@PLiberalism By American standard, the European right wing is a thing of fairy tales. Trotted out to scare the children like a Grimm's tale. Germany's AfD that is supposed to be so scary is center left by American standards. (1)
Hanno Zulla@hzulla E.g. the US GOP is a nationalist libertarian party, meaning they despise both foreigners and government institutions. And so does the party of the politician we were talking about here. In fact, its leader calls the AfD a libertarian party.
29sylt@mr29sylt There are also a lot of reactionaries in the CDU. The FDP is now the low tax less government libertarian extreme right-wing party minus the Muslim hate of the AFD.
Trucotracte@trucotracte The party with a nazi past is the Austrian FPÖ. AfD was founded by libertarian professors and, even if the party has moved to nationalist ideas, its current leaders (Gauland and Weidel) have not a far-right past. Gauland was a member of the centre-right CDU for decades.
Riiume@BtcPowUpdate The AfD would seem like the Libertarian Party to an American, probably.
Thomas Hesmert@THesmert The AfD is also an extremely libertarian party, with very similar ideas like Ron Paul in the US. Low taxes, free markets, and no social security organized by the state.
MaxC@massc0 Snowflakes on melting mode AfD is for controlled immigration,free market,pro-Israel and has a gay leader..So much for 'Nazi',snowflake
akjrobert@akjrobert Interesting that CDU/CSU lost more voters to the free market FDP than to the AfD. The SDP lost slightly more voters to AfD than to FDP.
Johan Norberg@johanknorberg So Merkel must adapt after losses? Ok, but not more "right-wing", instead more liberal, free market. She lost more votes to FDP than AfD.
Alexander Eberhardt Gauland (born 20 February 1941) is a German politician, journalist and lawyer who has served as Leader of Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag since September 2017 and Deputy Leader of Alternative for Germany since July 2015. He has been a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since September 2017. Gauland is a leading politician of the German political party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). He was the party's co-founder, is its federal spokesman and is the party leader for the state of Brandenburg.[1]
Political affiliation and ideals Before becoming an AfD founding member Gauland was member of the CDU. In 2012 Gauland became involved in the Berliner Kreis ("Berlin circuit"), a loose association of federal and state politicians within the CDU, which has been trying for years to make the CDU conservative again, because they consider that under Angela Merkel's leadership it has moved away from these ideals.
IMMIGRATION, INTEGRATION AND ASYLUM The topics of asylum and immigration are characterised by an ideologically-biased climate of political correctness, accompanied by banned terms and newspeak. Non-compliance leads to social stigmatisation, even to job-related discrimination. Such treatment of non-conformist opinions has been a characteristic of totalitarian countries, but not of free democratic societies. Negative developments in the field of asylum and immigration are not addressed in order to prevent a turnaround in public opinion. At the same time, the ruling German political parties have tried to disguise the complete failure of their policies on asylum and immigration of recent years. An open discussion is prevented in this way.
ハイテク分野の人材獲得競争に勝つため、非EU諸国からの有能な移民は歓迎する
9.3 Control Immigration from Non-EU Countries We advocate moderate legal immigration based on qualitative criteria where there is irrefutable demand, which can neither be satisfied from domestic resources, nor by EU immigration. The interests of Germany as a social, economic and cultural nation are paramount. We welcome highly-skilled immigrants with a distinct willingness to integrate. We seek to learn and to benefit from the long-standing experience gained by other Western countries in this regard. This is to be strictly separated from an uncontrolled influx of asylum seekers which do not benefit Germany’s economy and harm German society.
Germany is competing with other high-technology countries in winning truly skilled immigrants. The legal instruments used in this context have to be revised thoroughly. The Canadian model of immigration, adapted to the specific needs of Germany, could serve as an example. It should primarily be applied to prospective immigrants from abroad. Only in exceptional cases should it be open to foreigners already living in Germany without a permanent residence permit, for example to foreign students from third countries who have gained an academic degree in Germany.
In order to make controlled immigration a success, the ability to integrate, professional qualifications, and a job offer prior to entering Germany are of crucial importance.
Russian bank loan In November 2014, Marine Le Pen confirmed that the party had received a €9 million loan from the First Czech Russian Bank (FCRB) in Moscow to the National Front.[216][217] Senior FN officials from the party's political bureau informed Mediapart that this was the first installment of a €40 million loan, although Marine Le Pen has disputed this.[200][217] The Independent said the loans "take Moscow's attempt to influence the internal politics of the EU to a new level." [200] Reinhard Bütikofer stated, "It's remarkable that a political party from the motherland of freedom can be funded by Putin's sphere—the largest European enemy of freedom."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(France) Luke Harding wrote in The Guardian that the National Front's MEPs were a "pro-Russian bloc."[204] In 2014, the Nouvel Observateur said that the Russian government considered the National Front "capable of seizing power in France and changing the course of European history in Moscow's favour."[205] According to the French media, party leaders had frequent contact with Russian ambassador Alexander Orlov and Marine Le Pen made multiple trips to Moscow.[206] In May 2015, one of her advisers, Emmanuel Leroy, attended an event in Donetsk marking the "independence" of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic.[207]
